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Biography Acknowledgments  Back to Top

The biographical essays listed below are reproduced from the specified original source with the permission of the copyright holder.
Biographical essays reproduced from The Cold War: 1945-1991, Volume 1: Leaders and Other Important Figures in the United States and Western Europe, edited by Benjamin Frankel, Manly Inc./Gale Research Inc., Detroit, 1992:"Dean Acheson"; "Joseph Alsop"; "Hamilton Fish Armstrong"; "George W. Ball"; "Bernard Baruch"; "Charles E. Bohlen"; "Edward P. Boland"; "Harold Brown"; "Zbigniew Brzezinski"; "McGeorge Bundy"; "James F. Byrnes"; "Frank Carlucci"; "William J. Casey"; "Whittaker Chambers"; "Dick Cheney"; "Frank Church"; "Dick Clark"; "Clark Clifford"; "William E. Colby"; "Allen Dulles"; "John Foster Dulles"; "Daniel Ellsberg"; "Gerald R. Ford Jr."; "James V. Forrestal"; "J. William Fulbright"; "Leslie Gelb"; "Roswell Gilpatric"; "Barry Goldwater"; "Alexander M. Haig Jr."; "David Halberstam"; "Richard M. Helms"; "Christian A. Herter"; "Alger Hiss"; "Fred Charles Iklé"; "Henry M. Jackson"; "Jacob Javits"; "Herman Kahn"; "George F. Kennan";" "Jeane J. Kirkpatrick"; "Henry Kissinger"; "Robert W. Komer"; "Melvin Laird"; "Melvin J. Lasky"; "John Lehman"; "Curtis LeMay"; "Walter Lippmann"; "Robert A. Lovett"; "Mike Mansfield"; "Eugene J. McCarthy"; "John J. McCloy"; "John A. McCone"; "George S. McGovern"; "Robert S. McNamara"; "George Meany"; "Hans J. Morgenthau"; "Henry Morgenthau Jr."; "Paul H. Nitze"; "Richard Perle"; "Norman Podhoretz"; "Francis Gary Powers"; "Hyman Rickover"; "Matthew B. Ridgway"; "Ethel Rosenberg"; "Julius Rosenberg"; "Walt Rostow"; "Thomas C. Schelling"; "Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr."; "James R. Schlesinger"; "Brent Scowcroft"; "George P. Shultz"; "Walter Bedell Smith"; "Joseph Stilwell"; "Henry L. Stimson"; "Maxwell D. Taylor"; "Llewellyn E. Thompson Jr."; "Cyrus R. Vance"; "Arthur Vandenberg"; "Paul C. Warnke"; "Caspar Weinberger"; "William C. Westmoreland"; "Albert J. Wohlstetter"; "Elmo Zumwalt Jr."
Biographical essays reproduced from Great Lives from History, American Series, edited by Frank N. Magill, Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1987: "Henry Brooks Adams"; "Muhammad Ali"; "John Peter Altgeld"; "Edwin Howard Armstrong"; "Chester A. Arthur"; "John Jacob Astor"; "John James Audubon"; "Stephen Fuller Austin"; "George Balanchine"; "Emily Greene Balch"; "George Bancroft"; "Benjamin Banneker"; "Samuel Barber"; "Henry Barnard"; "P. T. Barnum"; "Charles A. Beard"; "Henry Ward Beecher"; "James Gordon Bennett"; "Thomas Hart Benton"; "Irving Berlin"; "Hans Albrecht Bethe"; "Nicholas Biddle"; "Albert Bierstadt"; "George Caleb Bingham"; "Hugo L. Black"; "James G. Blaine"; "Franz Boas"; "Edwin Booth"; "William E. Borah"; "Omar N. Bradley"; "Mathew B. Brady"; "Louis D. Brandeis"; "Percy Williams Bridgman"; "William Cullen Bryant"; "James Buchanan"; "Charles Bulfinch"; "Luther Burbank"; "Daniel Hudson Burnham"; "Aaron Burr"; "Nicholas Murray Butler"; "Richard E. Byrd"; "John Cabot"; "Benjamin Nathan Cardozo"; "Andrew Carnegie"; "Kit Carson"; "Mary Cassatt"; "George Catlin"; "William Ellery Channing"; "Charles Chaplin"; "Salmon P. Chase"; "Lydia Maria Child"; "DeWitt Clinton"; "Ty Cobb"; "William Frederick Cody"; "James Bryant Conant"; "Jay Cooke"; "Calvin Coolidge"; "James Fenimore Cooper"; "John Singleton Copley"; "John Cotton"; "Harvey Williams Cushing"; "Clarence Seward Darrow"; "Eugene V. Debs"; "Lee de Forest"; "Cecil B. DeMille"; "Jack Dempsey"; "George Dewey"; "John Dewey"; "John Dickinson"; "Walt Disney"; "James Buchanan Duke"; "Eleuthčre Irčnée du Pont"; "James Buchanan Eads"; "Thomas Eakins"; "George Eastman"; "Jonathan Edwards"; "Charles William Eliot"; "David G. Farragut"; "Marshall Field"; "Stephen J. Field"; "Millard Fillmore"; "Abraham Flexner"; "Edwin Forrest"; "Stephen Collins Foster"; "Felix Frankfurter"; "Margaret Fuller"; "Richard Buckminster Fuller"; "Robert Fulton"; "Albert Gallatin"; "James Abram Garfield"; "Lou Gehrig"; "Henry George"; "George Gershwin"; "Arnold Lucius Gesell"; "James Gibbons"; "Josiah Willard Gibbs"; "Edwin Lawrence Godkin"; "George Washington Goethals"; "Samuel Goldwyn"; "William Crawford Gorgas"; "Martha Graham"; "Asa Gray"; "Horace Greeley"; "D. W. Griffith"; "Daniel Guggenheim"; "Oscar Hammerstein II"; "Learned Hand"; "Marcus A. Hanna"; "Warren G. Harding"; "William Rainey Harper"; "William Averell Harriman"; "Benjamin Harrison"; "William Henry Harrison"; "Lorenz Milton Hart"; "Rutherford B. Hayes"; "William Randolph Hearst"; "Joseph Henry"; "James Jerome Hill"; "Oveta Culp Hobby"; "Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr."; "Winslow Homer"; "J. Edgar Hoover"; "Harry Lloyd Hopkins"; "Elias Howe Jr."; "Julia Ward Howe"; "Samuel Gridley Howe"; "Charles Evans Hughes"; "Cordell Hull"; "Hubert H. Humphrey"; "Robert M. Hutchins"; "Thomas Hutchinson"; "Charles Ives"; "William James"; "Andrew Johnson"; "Bobby Jones"; "Helen Keller"; "Robert Francis Kennedy"; "James Kent"; "Alfred Charles Kinsey"; "Benjamin Henry Latrobe"; "Ernest Orlando Lawrence"; "Henry Cabot Lodge"; "Huey P. Long"; "Joe Louis"; "Henry R. Luce"; "Cyrus Hall McCormick"; "Alexander McGillivray"; "William Holmes McGuffey"; "Edwin Mattison McMillan"; "Horace Mann"; "George Mason"; "Cotton Mather"; "Matthew Fontaine Maury"; "Andrew Mellon"; "H. L. Mencken"; "Ottmar Mergenthaler"; "Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe"; "J. P. Morgan"; "Lewis Henry Morgan"; "Thomas Hunt Morgan"; "Robert Morris"; "Samuel B. Morse"; "William Thomas Green Morton"; "John R. Mott"; "John Muir"; "Hermann Joseph Muller"; "Edward R. Murrow"; "Thomas Nast"; "Simon Newcomb"; "Reinhold Niebuhr"; "Sandra Day O'Connor"; "James Edward Oglethorpe"; "Georgia O'Keeffe"; "Frederick Law Olmsted"; "Jesse Owens"; "Theodore Parker"; "Francis Parkman"; "Vernon L. Parrington"; "Linus Pauling"; "Charles Willson Peale"; "Charles Sanders Peirce"; "Matthew Calbraith Perry"; "Wendell Phillips"; "Franklin Pierce"; "Pocahontas"; "James Knox Polk"; "Jackson Pollock"; "John Wesley Powell"; "William Hickling Prescott"; "Joseph Pulitzer"; "Isidor Isaac Rabi"; "A. Philip Randolph"; "Walter Rauschenbusch"; "Walter Reed"; "Frederic Remington"; "Walter Philip Reuther"; "Henry Hobson Richardson"; "Jackie Robinson"; "John D. Rockefeller"; "Richard Rodgers"; "John Augustus Roebling"; "Will Rogers"; "Josiah Royce"; "Bill Russell"; "Babe Ruth"; "Augustus Saint-Gaudens"; "George Santayana"; "John Singer Sargent"; "Carl Schurz"; "Glenn Theodore Seaborg"; "William Henry Seward"; "B. F. Skinner"; "Samuel Slater"; "Alfred E. Smith"; "Margaret Chase Smith"; "Theobald Smith"; "John Philip Sousa"; "Leland Stanford"; "Edwin M. Stanton"; "Edward Steichen"; "Charles Proteus Steinmetz"; "Adlai E. Stevenson"; "Alfred Stieglitz"; "Harlan Fiske Stone"; "Joseph Story"; "Harriet Beecher Stowe"; "Igor Stravinsky"; "Gilbert Stuart"; "Harry Stack Sullivan"; "Louis Sullivan"; "Charles Sumner"; "Roger Brooke Taney"; "Frederick Winslow Taylor"; "Norman Thomas"; "Theodore Thomas"; "Edward L. Thorndike"; "Jim Thorpe"; "Paul Tillich"; "Frederick Jackson Turner"; "John Tyler"; "Martin Van Buren"; "Cornelius Vanderbilt"; "Thorstein Veblen"; "Henry A. Wallace"; "Lester Frank Ward"; "Montgomery Ward"; "Andy Warhol"; "Earl Warren"; "James D. Watson"; "Noah Webster"; "George Westinghouse"; "James McNeill Whistler"; "Walt Whitman"; "Eli Whitney"; "Norbert Wiener"; "Emma Willard"; "Frances Willard"; "George Washington Williams"; "Edmund Wilson"; "Isaac Mayer Wise"; "Robert Burns Woodward"; "Frank Lloyd Wright"; "Babe Didrikson Zaharias"; "Darryl F. Zanuck"; "John Peter Zenger"; "Vladimir Zworykin."
Biographical essays reproduced from Great Lives from History, American Women Series, edited by Frank N. Magill, Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1995: "Grace Abbott"; "Bella Abzug"; "Abigail Adams"; "Gracie Allen"; "Virginia Apgar"; "Elizabeth Arden"; "Hannah Arendt"; "Mary Kay Ash"; "Lucille Ball"; "Katharine Lee Bates"; "Mary Beard"; "Catharine Beecher"; "Ruth Benedict"; "Patty Berg"; "Shirley Temple Black"; "Amelia Jenks Bloomer"; "Margaret Bourke-White"; "Anne Bradstreet"; "Fanny Brice"; "Helen Gurley Brown"; "Irene Castle"; "Carrie Chapman Catt"; "Linda Chavez"; "Mary Boykin Chesnut"; "Liz Claiborne"; "Marva Collins"; "Maureen Connolly"; "Prudence Crandall"; "Bette Davis"; "Dorothy Day"; "Agnes de Mille"; "Marlene Dietrich"; "Isadora Duncan"; "Ariel Durant"; "Gertrude Ederle"; "Chris Evert"; "Fannie Merritt Farmer"; "Dianne Feinstein"; "Geraldine Ferraro"; "Dorothy Fields"; "Elizabeth Gurley Flynn"; "Aretha Franklin"; "Jessie Benton Frémont"; "Betty Friedan"; "Matilda Joslyn Gage"; "Greta Garbo"; "Lillian Gish"; "Emma Goldman"; "Sarah Josepha Hale"; "Julie Harris"; "Helen Hayes"; "Le Ly Hayslip"; "Rita Hayworth"; "Katharine Hepburn"; "Aileen Clarke Hernandez"; "Lorena Hickok"; "Marguerite Higgins"; "Karen Horney"; "Rose Louise Hovick"; "Alice James"; "Frances Benjamin Johnston"; "Barbara Jordan"; "Florence Kelley"; "Fanny Kemble"; "Billie Jean King"; "Blanche Wolf Knopf"; "Elisabeth Kübler-Ross"; "Dorothea Lange"; "Emma Lazarus"; "Liliuokalani"; "Belva A. Lockwood"; "Alice Roosevelt Longworth"; "Anita Loos"; "Juliette Gordon Low"; "Clare Boothe Luce"; "Mary McCarthy"; "Wilma P. Mankiller"; "Margaret Mead"; "Helen Wills Moody"; "Grandma Moses"; "Carry Nation"; "Martina Navratilova"; "Louise Nevelson"; "Annie Oakley"; "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"; "Dorothy Parker"; "Rosa Parks"; "Alice Paul"; "Mary Pickford"; "Janet Reno"; "Ann Richards"; "Abby Aldrich Rockefeller"; "Ginger Rogers"; "Nellie Tayloe Ross"; "Patricia S. Schroeder"; "Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman"; "Donna Shalala"; "Gloria Steinem"; "Lucy Stone"; "Barbra Streisand"; "Maria Tallchief"; "Ida Tarbell"; "Dorothy Thompson"; "Mercy Otis Warren"; "Sarah Weddington"; "Mae West"; "Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney."
Biographical essays reproduced from Profiles in American History: Significant Events and the People Who Shaped Them, by Joyce Moss and George Wilson, U*X*L, Detroit, 1994: "Richard Allen"; "Bridget Bishop"; "Abraham Cahan"; "Anna Ella Carroll"; "Bert Corona"; "Herbert Croly"; "Chin Gee-hee"; "Elbridge Gerry"; "Robert Gray"; "James Henry Hammond"; "Harriet A. Jacobs"; "Marquis de Lafayette"; "Bartolomé de Las Casas"; "Roy Lichtenstein"; "Josephine Shaw Lowell"; "Allard Kenneth Lowenstein"; "Dolley Payne Madison"; "José Antonio Navarro"; "George Mortimer Pullman"; "Harriet Hanson Robinson"; "Robert Rogers"; "Deborah Sampson"; "Dred Scott"; "Daniel Shays"; "James Simpson Stockdale"; "John Augustus Sutter"; "Charles Townshend"; "Luis Valdez"; "Bartolomeo Vanzetti"; "Denmark Vesey"; "David Walker"; "Minoru Yasui."

Essay Acknowledgments Back to Top
The essays listed below are reproduced from the specified original source with the permission of the copyright holder.
Essays reproduced from Great Events from History, American Series, edited by Frank N. Magill, Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1975: "Prehistoric Migration to America"; "Mayan Calendar"; "Norse Voyages to the New World"; "Columbus Reaches the New World"; "Cabot's Voyages"; "Northwest Passage Sought by Cartier and Roberval"; "Early Expeditions to Florida"; "Coronado's Expedition and the Founding of Santa Fe"; "Raleigh's Colonization in the New World"; "Champlain and Establishment of 'New France'"; "Jamestown Settled"; "Virginia Forms General Assembly"; "Slavery in British North America"; "Pilgrims Land at Plymouth"; "Indians Sell Manhattan Island"; "Puritan Migration"; "Connecticut Settled"; "Rhode Island Founded"; "Harvard College Founded"; "Confederation of New England Colonies"; "Maryland's Act of Toleration Passed"; "British Navigation Acts Passed"; "Half-Way Covenant"; "Carolinas Settled"; "British Conquer New Netherland"; "Mississippi Valley Explored by French"; "Bacon's Rebellion"; "Pennsylvania Founded"; "New England Formed"; "Salem Witchcraft Trials"; "The Great Awakening"; "Georgia Settled"; "Zenger's Trial"; "American Philosophical Society Founded"; "The French And Indian War"; "Proclamation of 1763"; "Carolina Regulator Movements"; "Stamp Act Crisis"; "Revenue Act of 1767 and the Townshend Crisis"; "Boston Massacre"; "Franklin Writes His Autobiography"; "Boston Tea Party"; "First Continental Congress Convenes"; "Battle Of Lexington and Concord"; "Second Continental Congress Convenes"; "Declaration of Independence"; "First Submarine Tested in Warfare"; "San Francisco Founded"; "Battles of Saratoga"; "Franco-American Treaties Concluded"; "Articles of Confederation Adopted"; "Cornwallis Surrenders at Yorktown"; "Treaty of Paris Negotiated"; "Ordinance of 1785 Adopted"; "State Universities Begin"; "Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty Adopted"; "Northwest Ordinance Passed"; "Constitution Adopted"; "The Federalist Published"; "Washington Inaugurated as President"; "Judiciary Act Passed"; "Political Parties Form"; "Hamilton's Report On Public Credit Issued"; "Slater's Spinning Mill Erected at Pawtucket"; "Bill of Rights Ratified"; "Whitney Invents the Cotton Gin"; "The Whiskey Rebellion"; "Battle of Fallen Timbers"; "Jay's Treaty Negotiated"; "Pinckney's Treaty Negotiated"; "Washington's Farewell Address Published"; "XYZ Affair"; "Alien and Sedition Acts Passed"; "Second Awakening and Frontier Religious Revival"; "Jefferson Elected President"; "United States Military Academy Established"; "Marbury v. Madison Decided"; "Louisiana Purchase"; "Lewis and Clark Expedition"; "Twelfth Amendment"; "Burr's Conspiracy"; "Pike's Exploration of the Southwest"; "Clermont Sails"; "American Fur Company Chartered"; "Knickerbocker School Emerges"; "Fletcher v. Peck Decided"; "National Road Constructed"; "Battle of Tippecanoe"; "War of 1812"; "New Harmony, Indiana, and The Communitarian Movement"; "Hartford Convention"; "Treaty of Ghent Negotiated"; "Great Migration"; "Battle of New Orleans"; "Second Bank of the United States Chartered"; "Erie Canal Constructed"; "Missouri Compromise Negotiated"; "Adams-Onís Treaty Negotiated"; "McCulloch v. Maryland Decided"; " Unitarian Church Founded in the United States"; "The Free Public School Movement"; "Land Law of 1820"; "Santa Fe Trade Opens"; "Monroe Doctrine"; "Gibbons v. Ogden Decided"; "Election of 1824"; "Hudson River School of Painters"; "Smith Explores the Far West"; "Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Begins Operations"; "Jackson Elected President"; "Webster Publishes An American Dictionary"; "The Humanitarian Reform Movement"; "The Pro-Slavery Argument"; "Transcendental Movement Emerges"; "Webster-Hayne Debate over States' Rights"; "Indian Removal Act Passed"; " De Tocqueville Visits America"; "McCormick Invents the Reaper"; "Turner's Slavery Insurrection"; "Whig Party Emerges"; "Jackson Battles Second Bank of the United States"; "The Nullification Controversy"; "Oberlin College Established"; "Penny Press Begins"; "Anti-Slavery Society Formed"; "Southern Literary Messenger Published"; "Bancroft Publishes History Of The United States From The Discovery Of The American Continent"; "Texas Revolution"; "Morse Develops Electric Telegraph"; "Treasury Established"; "German and Irish Immigration"; "Harrison Elected President"; "Dorr Rebellion and the Growth of Political Democracy"; "Pre-Emption Act of 1841 Passed"; "Oregon Claimed by United States and Great Britain"; "Commonwealth v. Hunt Decided"; "Anesthetic Discovered and Demonstrated"; "Frémont Explores the United States"; "Webster-Ashburton Treaty Negotiated"; "Clipper Ship Era Begins"; "Mormon Migration to Utah"; "California and the Southwest Occupied"; "The Mexican War"; "Smithsonian Institution Founded"; "Howe's Invention of the Sewing Machine"; "California Gold Rush"; "The American Renaissance"; "The Compromise of 1850"; "Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin Published"; "Pacific Railroad Surveys"; "Kansas-Nebraska Act Passed"; "Republican Party Formed"; "Perry Opens Japan to American Trade"; "Bleeding Kansas"; "Transatlantic Cable Laid"; "Dred Scott v. Sanford Decided"; "Lincoln-Douglas Debates"; "First Oil Well Tapped Commercially"; "Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry"; "Pony Express Operates"; "Transcontinental Telegraph Completed"; "Lincoln Elected President"; "Confederate States of America Created"; "Lincoln Inaugurated"; "Battle Of Bull Run"; "The Monitor v. the Merrimack"; "Homestead Act Passed"; "Transcontinental Railroad Constructed"; "Morrill Land Grant Act Passed"; "Emancipation Proclamation"; "National Bank Acts of 1863 and 1864 Passed"; "Draft Law Passed Nationally"; "Battles of Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga"; "Reconstruction of the South"; "Sherman's March to the Sea"; "Lincoln Assassinated and Civil War Ends"; "Chisholm Trail Opens and Cattle Kingdom Burgeons"; "Johnson Impeached"; "Office Of Commissioner Of Education Created"; "Alaska Purchase"; "National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry Organized"; "The Fourteenth Amendment"; "Grant Administration Troubled by Scandals"; "Brooklyn Bridge Erected"; "Barnum's Circus Opens"; "Treaty of Washington Negotiated"; "Johns Hopkins University Founded"; "The Crime of 1873"; "Bell Invents the Telephone"; "Battle of the Little Big Horn"; "Hayes Elected President and Reconstruction Ends"; "Powell Publishes Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States"; "Edison Demonstrates the First Practical Incandescent Lamp"; "Standard Oil Trust Organized"; "Chinese Exclusion Act and First Immigration Law Passed"; "Pendleton Act Passed to Reform the Civil Service"; "Metropolitan Opera Opens"; "Cleveland Elected President"; "Twain Publishes The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn"; "American Federation of Labor Organized"; "Interstate Commerce Act Passed"; "Dawes Act Passed"; "Carnegie Publishes The Gospel of Wealth"; "Moody Bible Institute Founded"; "Mayo Clinic Founded"; "Adams Publishes History of the United States of America"; "Pan-American Congress First Held"; "Rauschenbusch and the Social Gospel"; "Mahan Publishes The Influence Of Sea Power Upon History"; "Sherman Antitrust Act Passed"; "Frontier Closes"; "Ellis Island Immigration Station Established"; "People's Party Organized"; "World's Columbian Exposition Opens"; "The Pullman Strike"; "Hearst-Pulitzer Circulation War"; "Booker T. Washington Delivers Atlanta Compromise Speech"; "Crane Publishes The Red Badge Of Courage"; "Separate but Equal Doctrine Established"; "McKinley Elected President"; "The Dingley Tariff"; "Library of Congress Occupies Own Building"; "The Spanish-American War"; "The Philippine Insurrection"; "Hay Sends His Open Door Notes"; "Dewey Publishes The School And Society"; "Development Of Direct Democracy"; "Yellow Fever Discovered to Be Carried by Mosquitos"; "The Insular Cases"; "Roosevelt Becomes President"; "Anthracite Coal Strike"; "The Great Train Robbery First Shown"; "Panama Canal Zone Acquired"; "The Wright Brothers' First Flight"; "Sinclair Publishes The Jungle"; "Sumner Publishes Folkways"; "James Publishes Pragmatism"; "Muller v. Oregon Decided"; "White House Conference On Conservation"; "Dollar Diplomacy"; "NAACP Formed"; "Republican Congressional Insurgency"; "Public Health Service Established"; "The New Poetry Movement"; "Wilson Elected President"; "The Armory Show"; "The Sixteenth Amendment"; "Ford Begins Assembly Line and Minimum Wage"; "An Economic Interpretation Of The Constitution Published"; "Federal Reserve Act Passed"; "Pershing Military Expedition Into Mexico"; "Universal Negro Improvement Association Founded"; "United States Enters World War I"; "World War I Propaganda and Civil Liberties"; "War Industries Board and Economic Mobilization Formed"; "Meuse-Argonne Offensive"; "Demobilization after World War I"; "Treaty of Versailles Negotiated"; "The Red Scare"; "The Rise Of Mass Culture"; "The Nineteenth Amendment"; "Radio Station KDKA Begins Commercial Broadcasting"; "Disarmament Conference Held in Washington"; "Dawes Plan Formulated"; "Coolidge Presidency and the Rise of Big Business"; "The Scopes Trial"; "Goddard Launches the First Liquid-Fueled Rocket"; "Hemingway Publishes The Sun Also Rises"; "Faulkner Publishes The Sound And The Fury"; "Stock Market Crash of 1929"; "The Great Depression"; "Federal Loan Legislation Passed, 1932"; "Hoover-Stimson Doctrine"; "Niebuhr's Moral Man and Immoral Society Published"; "Roosevelt Elected President, 1932"; "The Hundred Days"; "Tennessee Valley Authority Created"; "The Dust Bowl"; "Works Progress Administration Formed"; "National Labor Relations Act Passed"; "Social Security Act Passed"; "Neutrality Acts Passed"; "Congress of Industrial Organizations Formed"; "Spanish Civil War and the American Arms Embargo"; "Television Broadcasted Commercially"; "War Production Board Formed"; "American Intervention Short of War"; "Office of Scientific Research and Development"; "Pearl Harbor Bombed"; "Loyalty and Security during World War II"; "Battle Of Guadalcanal"; "Normandy Invaded"; "Federal Aid to Education and G. I. Bill Enacted"; "Battle for Leyte Gulf"; "The Yalta Conference"; "United Nations Charter Convention"; "V-E Day"; "Atomic Bomb Dropped on Hiroshima"; "World War II Demobilization and Reconversion"; "The Marshall Mission to China"; "Employment Act of 1946 Passed"; "Containment Policy of Truman Doctrine"; "National Security Act Passed"; "Organization of American States Created"; "The Berlin Airlift"; "Election of Truman and the Fair Deal"; "North Atlantic Treaty Negotiated"; "The McCarthy Hearings"; "The Korean War"; "The Truman-MacArthur Confrontation"; "Montgomery Bus Boycott"; "Polarization of American Society in the 1960's"; "Poverty in an Affluent Society"; "Peace Corps Formed"; "Supreme Court Decisions in Reapportionment Cases"; "Supreme Court Defines Rights of Accused"; "Kennedy Assassinated In Dallas"; "The Berkeley Student Revolt"; "Martin Luther King and Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated"; "Apollo 11 Lands on the Moon."
Essays reproduced from Great Events from History, Worldwide Twentieth Century Series, edited by Frank N. Magill, Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1980: "Teletype Developed"; "U.S. Plays Key Role in Early Genetic Research"; "Parrington Publishes Main Currents In American Thought"; "Good Neighbor Policy Developed Toward Latin America"; "Diplomatic Relations Established with Soviet Union"; "U.S. Establishes a Two-Ocean Navy"; "Xerography Invented"; "Decision by U.S. to Construct an Atomic Bomb"; "Germany and Italy Declare War on the United States"; "The Battle of Midway"; "First Superfortress Bombing Raid on Japan"; "Demise of the Puritan Ethic in America"; "Paris Peace Conference"; "Kinsey Reports Published"; "Williams Pioneers Cold War Revisionist History"; "Congress Passes the Formosa Resolution"; "Geneva Summit Conference Held"; "Eisenhower Doctrine on the Middle East Enunciated"; "Alaska and Hawaii Admitted into the Union"; "Antarctic Treaty Signed"; "American Indian Reform Movement Emerges"; "U-2 Incident and Collapse of Paris Summit Conference"; "Bay of Pigs Invasion Repulsed"; "Carson Publishes Silent Spring"; "Supreme Court Rules against Bible Reading in Schools"; "Nuclear Test Ban Treaty"; "National Organization for Women Founded"; "Viet Cong Tet Offensive"; "Cambodia Invaded"; "Nixon Responds to Monetary Crisis"; "International Monetary System Reformed"; "Oil Embargo and Energy Crisis"; "Vietnam War Involvement Ends"; "Obscenity Rulings by Supreme Court"; "Agnew Resigns as Vice-President"; "Bicentennial Celebration"; "Viking Lands on Mars"; "Panama Canal Treaties Ratified."
Essays reproduced from Great Events from History II, Arts and Culture Series, edited by Frank N. Magill, Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1993: "Joplin Popularizes the Ragtime Style"; "Brooks Brothers Introduces Button-Down Shirts"; "Tiffany and Tiffany Studios Develop New Ideas in Design"; "Dreiser's Sister Carrie Shatters Literary Taboos"; "Stieglitz Organizes the Photo-Secession"; "Henry James's The Ambassadors Is Published"; "Cohan's Little Johnny Jones Premieres"; "The Christian Science Monitor Is Founded"; "Sennett Defines the Slapstick Comedy Genre"; "Handy Ushers in the Commercial Blues Era"; "Grey's Riders of the Purple Sage Launches the Western Genre"; "Baker Establishes the 47 Workshop at Harvard"; "ASCAP Founded to Protect Musicians' Rights"; "Lippmann Helps to Establish The New Republic"; "Denishawn School of Dance Opens in Los Angeles"; "The Birth of a Nation Popularizes New Film Techniques"; "First Pulitzer Prizes Are Awarded"; "Ives Completes His Fourth Symphony"; "Cather's My Ántonia Promotes Regional Literature"; "The Ten Commandments Establishes Silent-Film Spectacle"; "Bessie Smith Records 'Downhearted Blues'"; "Luce Founds Time Magazine"; "Von Stroheim Films His Silent Masterpiece Greed"; "Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue Premieres in New York"; "Cranbrook Academy Begins a History of Design Excellence"; "The Great Gatsby Captures the Essence of the Roaring Twenties"; "Ross Founds The New Yorker"; "Chaplin Produces His Masterpiece The Gold Rush"; "Armstrong First Records With His Hot Five Group"; "WSM Launches The Grand Ole Opry"; "Keaton's The General Is Released"; "Rodgers Cuts His First Record for RCA Victor"; "The Jazz Singer Premieres in New York"; "Ellington Begins an Influential Engagement at the Cotton Club"; "Show Boat Introduces American Musical Theater"; "The Amos 'N' Andy Radio Show Goes on the Air"; "Sound Revolutionizes the Motion-Picture Industry"; "Hallelujah Is the First Important Black Musical"; "Loewy Pioneers American Industrial Design"; "New York's Museum of Modern Art Is Founded"; "The Maltese Falcon Introduces Hard-Boiled Detective Novel"; "The First Academy Awards Honor Film Achievement"; "Gangster-Film Genre Launched by Hollywood"; "Crane Publishes The Bridge"; "The Whitney Museum Is Inaugurated in New York"; "Berkeley's 42nd Street Revolutionizes Film Musicals"; "Coward's Design for Living Epitomizes the 1930's"; "Rivera's Rockefeller Center Mural Is Destroyed"; "Miller's Novel Tropic of Cancer Is Published"; "Balanchine's Serenade Inaugurates American Ballet"; "Top Hat Establishes the Astaire-Rogers Dance Team"; "Federal Theatre Project Promotes Live Theater"; "Roosevelt Administration Creates WPA/FAP"; "Abstract Painting in America Opens in New York"; "Odets' Awake and Sing Becomes Model for Protest Drama"; "Gershwin's Porgy and Bess Opens in New York"; "Luce Launches Life Magazine"; "Carnegie Publishes His Self-Help Best-Seller"; "Disney Releases Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs"; "Dreyfuss Designs the Bell 300 Telephone"; "American Science Fiction Enjoys Its Golden Age"; "Wizard of Oz Opens"; "Ford Defines the Western In Stagecoach"; "Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys Define Bluegrass Music"; "Marian Anderson Is Barred from Constitution Hall"; " The Grapes of Wrath Portrays Depression-Era America"; "Rockefeller Center Is Completed"; "Gone with the Wind Premieres"; "Stormy Weather Offers New Film Roles to African Americans"; "New Criticism Holds Sway"; "Wright's Native Son Depicts Racism in America"; "Disney's Fantasia Premieres"; "Welles's Citizen Kane Breaks with Traditional Film"; "The Maltese Falcon Establishes Film Noir Genre"; "Agnes De Mille Choreographs Rodeo"; "Guggenheim's Gallery Promotes New American Art"; "Casablanca Epitomizes 1940s War-Themed Films"; "Oklahoma! Opens on Broadway"; "Robbins's Fancy Free Premieres"; "Graham Debuts Appalachian Spring with Copland Score"; "Westerns Dominate Postwar American Film"; "Parker's Playing Epitomizes Bebop"; "NBC Broadcasts the World Series"; "ABC Begins Its Own Television Service"; "Variety Shows Dominate Television Programming"; "Milton Berle Has Top-Rated Show, 1948-1951"; "Kukla, Fran, And Ollie Pioneers Children's Television"; "Kelly Forges New Directions in Cinematic Dance"; "Davis's Recordings Spawn 1950s Cool Jazz"; "Television Enters Its Golden Age"; "Television Family Comedy Becomes Popular"; "Young Readers Embrace The Catcher in the Rye"; "The Red Skelton Show Becomes Top-Rated Comedy"; "Dragnet Is First Widely Popular Police Show"; "Ellison's Invisible Man Is Published"; "ABC Makes Landmark Deal with Disney"; "Tonight Show Becomes an American Institution"; "Berry's 'Maybellene' Popularizes Rock and Roll"; "Dean Becomes a Legend in Rebel without a Cause"; "O'Connor's A Good Man Is Hard to Find Is Published"; "Poitier Stars in The Blackboard Jungle"; "Gunsmoke Debuts, Launches New TV Genre"; "The Honeymooners Enchants Audiences of All Ages"; "Captain Kangaroo Debuts"; "Buckley Founds National Review"; "Presley Becomes a Rock-and-Roll Sensation"; "O'Neill's Long Day's Journey Into Night Opens"; "Bernstein Joins Musical Genres in West Side Story"; "Ford Foundation Begins to Fund Nonprofit Theaters"; "Willson's The Music Man Presents Musical Americana"; "Westerns Dominate Top Ten TV Shows"; "Alley Founds His Dance Company"; "First Successful Synthesizer Completed"; "Gordy Founds Motown Records"; "Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun Debuts on Broadway"; "Bonanza Congress Deregulates Banks and Savings and Loans"; "Loan Guarantee Act Saves Chrysler"; "Supreme Court Rules On Water Rights"; "Patents on Life Forms Approved by Supreme Court"; "Reagan Promotes Supply-Side Economics"; "Adjustable-Rate Mortgages Authorized by Regulators"; "Air Traffic Controllers Of PATCO Declare a Strike"; "AT&T Agrees To Be Broken Up"; "Braniff International Suspends Flight Operations"; "Seven People Die from Cyanide-Laced Tylenol"; "Employees Buy Weirton Steel Works"; "Payment-in-Kind Program Pays U.S. Farmers Not to Plant"; "Continental Airlines Declares Bankruptcy"; "Continental Illinois Bank Bailed Out by Government"; "Pennzoil Sues Texaco for Interfering In Getty Oil Deal"; "Firefighters v. Stotts Upholds Seniority Systems"; "Yugo Begins Selling Cars In The United States"; "Coca-Cola Introduces a New Formula"; "Home Shopping Service Is Offered on Cable Television"; "Quotas as a Remedy for Discrimination Upheld"; "Insider Trading Scandals Mar Junk Bond Market"; "Immigration Reform and Control Act Is Signed"; "Boston Celtics Sell Shares in the Team"; "Baldrige Award Instituted"; "U. S. Stock Market Crashes on 1987's 'Black Monday'"; "Drexel and Milken Are Charged with Insider Trading"; "R. J. Reynolds Introduces a Smokeless Cigarette"; "Bush Responds to the Savings and Loan Crisis"; "Sony Purchases Columbia Pictures"; "Jim Bakker Is Sentenced for Fraud and Conspiracy"; "Clean Air Act Of 1990 Signed by Bush"; "Bell Atlantic and TCI Announce Merger Plans"; "North American Free Trade Agreement Takes Effect."
Essays reproduced from Great Events from History II, Human Rights Series, edited by Frank N. Magill, Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1992: "Supreme Court Disallows Maximum Hours Law for Bakers"; "Blacks Call for Equal Rights at Niagara Falls Conference"; "Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act"; "Japan Protests Segregation of Japanese in California"; "Society of American Indians Formed"; "First Minimum-Wage Law Adopted in Massachusetts"; "Children's Bureau Is Founded"; "Marines Sent to Nicaragua to Quell Unrest"; "Ford Offers Five-Dollar, Eight-Hour Workday"; "Brandeis Becomes First Jewish Supreme Court Justice"; "Sanger Opens First Birth Control Clinic"; "Rankin Becomes First Woman Elected to Congress"; "Immigration of Illiterates over Age Sixteen Prohibited"; "Palmer Raids Target Immigrants"; "Steel Workers Strike for Improved Work Conditions"; "Ku Klux Klan Spreads Terror in the South"; "American Civil Liberties Union Is Founded"; "League of Women Voters Is Founded"; "Immigration Act of 1921 Imposes Quota System"; "Sanger Organizes Conferences on Birth Control"; "Martial Law Declared in Oklahoma Due to KKK Violence"; "Nevada and Montana Introduce Old-Age Pension"; "Congress Establishes a Border Patrol"; "Immigration Act Sets Quotas Based on National Origin"; "Nellie Tayloe Ross Becomes First Female Governor"; "Roosevelt Appoints Perkins as Secretary of Labor"; "Indian Reorganization Act"; "Social Security Act Helps Nonworking Persons"; "Social Security Act Aids Dependent Children"; "Consumers Union of the United States Emerges"; "HUAC Begins Investigating Suspected Communists"; "First Food Stamp Program Begins in Rochester, NY"; "Roosevelt Outlaws Discrimination in Defense Industry"; "Atlantic Charter Declares Right of Self Determination"; "International League for Human Rights Is Founded"; "Roosevelt Approves Internment of Japanese Americans"; "Congress of Racial Equality Forms"; "CORE Stages Chicago Sit-In to Protest Segregation"; "Zoot-Suit Riots Exemplify Ethnic Tensions in L.A."; "Supreme Court Rules on Mandatory Flag Salutes"; "Race Riots Erupt in Detroit and Harlem"; "Hollywood Investigated by HUAC"; "Autoworkers Negotiate Cost-of-Living Provision"; "Truman Orders Desegregation of Armed Forces"; "Native Americans Encouraged to Settle in Cities"; "Special Status of Native Americans Attacked"; "Women's Ordination Approved by Methodists and Presbyterians"; "Parks Arrested for Refusing to Sit in Back of Bus"; "SCLC Forms to Link Civil Rights Groups"; "Civil Rights Act of 1957"; "Cubans Flee to Florida and Receive Assistance"; "Greensboro Sit-Ins Change Civil Rights Strategies"; "National Council of Churches Supports Birth Control"; "Blacks Registered to Vote by Council of Federated Organizations"; "Chávez Forms Farm Workers' Union"; "Meredith's Enrollment Integrates U. of Mississippi"; "Equal Pay Act Becomes Law"; "Civil Rights Protesters Attract International Attention"; "King Delivers 'I Have a Dream' Speech"; "Legislation Reforms Care for Mentally Disabled"; "Twenty-fourth Amendment Outlaws Poll Taxes"; "Martin Luther King Jr. Wins Nobel Peace Prize"; "Discrimination in Accommodations Outlawed"; "Nader Publishes Unsafe at Any Speed"; "King Leads March from Selma to Montgomery"; "Head Start Is Established"; "Supreme Court Forbids Banning of Contraceptives"; "Congress Requires Cigarette Warning Labels"; "Miranda v. Arizona Requires Police to Read Rights"; "Kerner Commission Explores Causes of Civil Disorders"; "Race Rioting Erupts in Detroit"; "Marshall Becomes First Black Supreme Court Justice"; "Zero Population Growth Movement"; "Age Discrimination in Employment Act Enacted"; "Congress Enacts Bilingual Education Act"; "Civil Rights Act of 1968"; "Congress Passes Architectural Barriers Act"; "Chicago Riots Mar the Democratic Convention"; "Chisholm Becomes First Black Woman in Congress"; "Protection Against Double Jeopardy Guaranteed"; "Gay Rights Movement Launched"; "Legalization of Homosexual Behavior Recommended"; "Voting Age Lowered to Eighteen"; "Four Students Killed at Kent State by National Guard"; "National Council on Indian Opportunity Ratified"; "Calley Court-Martialed for My Lai Massacre"; "Clean Air Act Amendments Passed"; "Chávez Jailed for Organizing Lettuce Boycott"; "Blue Lake Region Returned to Taos Pueblo"; "Family Planning Services Act Passed"; "Occupational Safety and Health Act"; "FBI and CIA Interference in Civil Rights Movement"; "Discriminatory Employment Tests Banned"; "Incarcerated Mental Patients Given Right to Treatment"; "Busing to End Segregation Endorsed by Supreme Court"; "Parents Anonymous Established"; "Equal Employment Opportunity Act"; "Equal Rights Amendment Fails to be Ratified"; "Nations Agree to Rule on Biological Weapons"; "Death Penalty Abolished by Supreme Court"; "Vietnam Releases U.S. Prisoners of War"; "Racial Quotas in College Admissions Rejected"; "Native Americans Occupy Wounded Knee"; "Congress Responds to Demands of Disabled"; "Homosexuality Removed from APA List of Disorders"; "Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act Passed"; "Vietnam War Draft Evaders Granted Amnesty"; "Southern Schools Found Least Racially Segregated"; "Civil Service Finds Gays Fit for Public Service"; "Congress Extends Voting Rights Reforms"; "Congress Requires Bilingual Elections"; "Women Win Right to Enter Armed Service Academies"; "Carter Focuses on Human Rights in Foreign Policy"; "Toxic Waste Discovered at Love Canal"; "Supreme Court Upholds Affirmative Action Program"; "Superfund Established"; "Miami Race Riot Protests Police Brutality"; "Missouri Program Helps Parents of Preschoolers"; "Navy Ban on Homosexuality Upheld by Appeals Court"; "O'Connor Named First Female Supreme Court Justice"; "Jackson Is First Major Black Presidential Candidate"; "New York Imposes Seat Belt Law"; "Minnesota Parents Given Choices in Public Education"; "First Female Conservative Rabbi Ordained"; "Asbestos Victims Receive $2.5 Billion Settlement"; "Supreme Court Rules on Admitting Women into Groups"; "Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act"; "Dalkon Shield Users Compensated for Injuries"; "New York Opens 'Shock' Camps for Female Prisoners"; "Crimes Against Homosexuals Tracked by Government"; "Jury Awards Damages to Smoker's Estate"; "Congress Formally Apologizes to Japanese Internees"; "Oregon Legislates Guaranteed Basic Health Care"; "Prolife Groups Challenge Abortion Laws"; "Surgeon General Reports on Tobacco and Health"; "NOW Sponsors Abortion Rights Rally"; "Execution of Mentally Retarded and Young Upheld"; "Texas Public School Funding Found Unconstitutional"; "Wilder Becomes First Elected Black Governor"; "Americans with Disabilities Act Passed."
Essays reproduced from Great Events from History II, Science and Technology Series, edited by Frank N. Magill, Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1991: "Strowger Invents Automatic Dial Telephone"; "Abel and Takamine Independently Isolate Adrenaline"; "Booth Invents the Vacuum Cleaner"; "Hewitt Invents the Mercury Vapor Lamp"; "Mass-Production of Disc Recording Perfected"; "McClung Helps Discover Sex Chromosome"; "Sutton States Chromosomes Could Determine Heredity"; "Ionosphere Existence Proposed"; "Hale Establishes Mt. Wilson Observatory"; "Gorgas Develops Methods to Control Mosquitoes"; "Construction of Panama Canal Begins"; "Crile Performs First Direct Blood Transfusion"; "Baekeland Invents Bakelite"; "Boltwood Dates Rocks with Radioactivity"; "Lowell Predicts Existence of Pluto"; "Electrostatic Precipitation Process Invented"; "Music and Voice Transmitted over Radio"; "Harrison Observes Nerve Fiber Development"; "Hughes Revolutionizes Oil Well Drilling"; "The Future of Electricity Warns of Pollution"; "Morgan Develops Gene-Chromosome Theory"; "Hale Discovers Strong Magnetic Fields in Sunspots"; "Millikan Conducts His Oil-Drop Experiment"; "Electric Washing Machine Is Introduced"; "Rous Discovers Some Cancers Are Caused by Virus"; ";Boas Publishes The Mind of Primitive Man"; "Sturtevant Produces First Chromosome Map"; "Leavitt's Work Unlocks Galactic Distances"; "Slipher Obtains Spectrum of Distant Galaxy"; "Abel Develops First Artificial Kidney"; "Edison Introduces Kinetophone"; "Technique for Refining Petroleum Introduced"; "Russell Announces Theory of Stellar Evolution"; "First Transcontinental Telephone Call Is Made"; "McLean Discovers Natural Anticoagulant Heparin"; "Transatlantic Radiotelephony First Demonstrated"; "Birdseye Develops Freezing for Preserving Foods"; "Arsenic Proves Effective against Boll Weevil"; "Hale Oversees Hooker Telescope Installation"; "Shapley Proves Sun Is Far From Center of Galaxy"; "Slipher Finds Redshifts in Galactic Spectra"; "Millikan Names Cosmic Rays"; "Michelson Measures Diameter of a Star"; "Larson Constructs First Modern Polygraph"; "McCollum Uses Vitamin D against Rickets"; "Compton Effect Discovered"; "Zworykin Develops Early Type of Television"; "Kahn Develops New Syphilis and Serologic Tests"; "Hubble Determines Distance to Andromeda Nebula"; "Steenbock Discovers Sunlight Increases Vitamin D"; "Hubble Demonstrates Other Galaxies Are Independent"; "Whipple Finds Iron Important in Red Blood Cells"; "Lemaître Proposes Big Bang Theory"; "Lindbergh Makes First Nonstop Solo Atlantic Flight"; "Bush Builds First Differential Analyzer"; "Papanicolaou Develops Pap Test"; "Mead Publishes Coming of Age in Samoa"; "Hubble Confirms the Expanding Universe"; "Drinker and Shaw Develop Iron Lung"; "Construction Begins on Empire State Building"; "Midgley Introduces Refrigerant Gas"; "Zinsser Develops Typhus Immunization"; "Pauling Develops Chemical Bond Theory"; "Jansky's Experiments Lead to Radio Astronomy"; "Armstrong Perfects FM Radio"; "Tombaugh Discovers Pluto"; "Lawrence Develops the Cyclotron"; "Anderson Discovers the Positron"; "Benedict Publishes Patterns of Culture"; "Zwicky and Baade Propose Theory of Neutron Stars"; "Beebe and Barton Set Diving Record in Bathysphere"; "Gibbon Develops the Heart-Lung Machine"; "Richter Develops Scale for Earthquake Strength"; "Carothers Patents Nylon"; "Completion of Boulder Dam Creates Lake Mead"; "Fluorescent Lighting Is Introduced"; "Theiler Introduces Yellow Fever Vaccine"; "Reber Builds First Intentional Radio Telescope"; "Oppenheimer Calculates Nature of Black Holes"; "Libby Introduces Carbon-14 Dating"; "First Color Television Broadcast Takes Place"; "Plutonium Discovered"; "Reber Makes First Radio Maps of Universe"; "First Controlled Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction"; "DNA Found to Carry Hereditary Information"; "Eckert and Mauchly Develop ENIAC"; "Waksman Discovers Antibiotic Streptomycin"; "First Nuclear Reactor Is Activated"; "Kuiper Discovers Titan Has an Atmosphere"; "Blalock Performs First 'Blue Baby' Operation"; "Duggar Discovers First Tetracycline"; "Fluoridation of Municipal Water Supplies Begins"; "First Atomic Bomb Successfully Detonated"; "Schaefer Performs Cloud Seeding Using Dry Ice"; "First Synchrocyclotron Developed"; "Lamb And Retherford Discover Lambshift"; "Transistor Discovered"; "Big Bang Theory Developed"; "Hale Constructs Largest Telescope of the Time"; "First Multiple Stage Rocket Created"; "First Tranquilizer, Reserpine, Discovered"; "Li Isolates the Human Growth Hormone"; "Artificial Sweetener Cyclamate Is Introduced"; "Boyd Defines Human Races by Blood Groups"; "Hofstadter Discovers Proton and Neutron Structures"; "Lipmann Discovers Acetyl Coenzyme A"; "UNIVAC 1 Is First Commercial Electronic Computer"; "First H-Bomb Developed"; "First Breeder Reactor Produces Electricity"; "Aserinsky Discovers Rapid Eye Movement (REM)"; "Reserpine Used to Treat High Blood Pressure"; "Salk Develops Polio Vaccine"; "Du Vigneaud Synthesizes First Peptide Hormone"; "Miller Reports Synthesis of Amino Acids"; "Liquid Bubble Chamber Is Developed"; "FORTRAN Computer Language Developed"; "Two-Billion-Year-Old Microfossils Discovered"; "Photovoltaic Cell Developed"; "Radio Emissions from Jupiter Discovered"; "Midoceanic Ridge Discovered"; "Sabin Develops an Oral Polio Vaccine"; "Superconductivity Explained"; "First Commercial Nuclear Power Plant Opens"; "Van Allen Discovers the Earth's Radiation Belts"; "Parker Predicts the Existence of the Solar Wind"; "Explorer I Is Launched"; "Hopper Invents COBOL Computer Language"; "St. Lawrence Seaway Is Opened"; "Plastic IUD Is Introduced for Birth Control"; "Independence of Right and Left Brain Discovered"; "Mössbauer Effect Used to Detect Gravitational Redshifting"; "Scientists Develop Obsidian Dating Technique"; "Hess Concludes Debate on Continental Drift"; "Vaccine Developed for German Measles"; "Oró Detects the Formation of Adenine from Cyanide Solution"; "Tiros I Is First Experimental Weather Satellite"; "First Laser Is Developed"; "Passive Communications Satellite, Echo, Is Launched"; "DNA Alterations Linked to Cancer"; "Genetic Code Cracked with Nirenberg's Technique"; "Shepard Is the First U.S. Astronaut in Space"; "Calvin Wins Nobel Prize for Work on Photosynthesis"; "Lasers Are Used in Eye Surgery"; "Glenn Is the First American to Orbit Earth"; "First Live Transatlantic Satellite TV Pictures"; "Mariner 2 Is the First Spacecraft to Study Venus"; "Schmidt Makes First Recognition of a Quasar"; "Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Discovered"; "Quarks Are Postulated by Gell-Mann and Zweig"; "BASIC Computer Language Developed"; "Magnetic Reversals of Earth's Poles Discovered"; "Verrazano Bridge Opens"; "Sealab 2 Expedition Concludes"; "Orbital Rendezvous of Gemini 6 and 7 Succeeds"; "Ardrey Publishes The Territorial Imperative"; "Lunar Orbiter 1 Photographs the Moon"; "Coronary Artery Bypass Operation Developed"; "Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming Described"; "Amino Acids Found in 3-Billion-Year-Old Rocks"; "Biologically Active DNA Synthesized"; "Quarks Discovered"; "Glomar Challenger Obtains Ocean Floor Samples"; "Black Holes Named by Wheeler"; "Bubble Memory Devices Are Created"; "First Humans Land on the Moon"; "Apollo 12 Retrieves Surveyor 3 Parts from the Moon"; "Floppy Disk Is Introduced for Storing Data"; "Direct Transoceanic Dialing Begins"; "Microprocessor 'Computer on a Chip' Is Introduced"; "Mariner 9 Orbits Mars"; "Pioneer 10 Is Launched"; "Theory of Quantum Chromodynamics Formulated"; "First Commercial Pocket Calculator Introduced"; "U.S. Government Bans DDT Use"; "Recombinant DNA Technology Developed"; "Skylab Inaugurates a New Era of Space Research"; "Mariner 10 Uses Venus's Gravity in Space Travel"; "Freon Linked to Ozone Depletion"; "Ultrafast Optical Pulses Produced in Bell Labs"; "Dye Laser Systems Are Developed"; "Viking Spacecraft Sends Photographs of Mars"; "Electrically Conducting Polymer Discovered"; "Fiber-Optic Telecommunications Tested Commercially"; "Voyager 1 and 2 Explore the Planets"; "First Ring around Jupiter Is Discovered"; "Genetic Engineering Techniques Developed"; "Pluto Is Found to Possess a Thin Atmosphere"; "U.S. Centers for Disease Control Recognize AIDS"; "Human Growth Hormone Gene Transferred to a Mouse"; "Liquid-Junction Solar Cell Developed"; "R136a, the Most Massive Star Known, Is Discovered"; "IBM Personal Computer Using DOS Is Introduced"; "Clewell Corrects Hydrocephalus by Surgery on a Fetus"; "Columbia Proves Space Shuttle Practicality"; "Cech Demonstrates RNA Can Act as an Enzyme"; "Compact Disc Players Are Introduced"; "Solar One Begins Operation"; "First Commercial Genetic Engineering Product Is Marketed"; "Artificial Sweetener Aspartame Is Approved for Use"; "First Successful Human Embryo Transfer"; "IBM Introduces a P.C. with Standard Hard Drive"; "First Tracking and Data-Relay Satellite System"; "First Artificial Chromosome Created"; "Optical Discs for Storage of Computer Data Introduced"; "Human and Chimpanzee DNA Found Similar"; "Construction of the World's Largest Telescope Begins"; "Tevatron Particle Accelerator Begins Operation"; "Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex Discovered"; "Genetically Engineered Vaccine for Hepatitis B Approved"; "Gene Found to Suppress the Cancer Retinoblastoma"; " Voyager Flies Around the World without Refueling"; "Dinosaur Egg with Oldest Known Embryo Discovered"; "DNA Fingerprinting from a Single Hair Developed"; "Oldest Known Galaxy Is Discovered"; "Superconducting Collider Designed"; "NASA Launches the Hubble Space Telescope"; "Drugs for Treatment of AIDS Developed."

Primary Source Acknowledgments Back to Top
COPYRIGHTED PRIMARY DOCUMENT EXCERPTS IN DISCOVERING U.S. HISTORY WERE REPRODUCED FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:
Banks, Louis. From an interview in Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression. By Studs Terkel. Pantheon Books, 1970. Copyright © 1970 by Studs Terkel. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Donadio & Ashworth, Inc.
Blue Cloud, Peter. From "The Cry," in Native American Reader: Stories, Speeches and Poems. Edited by Jerry D. Blanche. The Denali Press, 1990. Copyright © 1990 by Jerry D. Blanche. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the publisher.
De Las Casas, Bartolomé. From A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. Edited and translated by Nigel Griffin. Penguin Books, 1992. Translation and notes copyright © Nigel Griffin, 1992. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.
Edelman, Marian Wright. From a speech to the graduates of the Harvard Medical School on June 9, 1994. Reproduced by permission of the author.