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The essays listed below are reproduced from the specified original source with the permission of the copyright holder.
Essays reproduced from Great Events from History, American Series, edited by Frank N. Magill, Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1975: "Prehistoric Migration to America"; "The Settlement of Jamestown"; "Slavery in British North America"; "Pilgrims Land at Plymouth"; "The Great Awakening"; "The French and Indian War"; "The Boston Massacre"; "Battle of Lexington and Concord"; "The Declaration of Independence Is Written"; "The United States Constitution Is Adopted"; "Whitney Invents the Cotton Gin"; "The Louisiana Purchase"; "The War of 1812"; "The Texas Revolution"; "The Mexican War"; "The American Renaissance"; "Perry Opens Japan to American Trade"; "Dred Scott v. Sanford Decided"; "Battle of Bull Run"; "The Emancipation Proclamation"; "Lincoln Assassinated and the Civil War Ends"; "Bell Invents the Telephone"; "Battle of Little Big Horn"; "Ellis Island Immigration Station Established"; "The Spanish-American War"; "The Wright Brothers' First Flight"; "The Armory Show"; "United States Enters World War I"; "The Great Depression"; "Pearl Harbor Bombed"; "Atomic Bomb Dropped on Hiroshima"; "The Korean War"; "Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated."

Essays reproduced from Great Events from History, Ancient and Medieval Series, edited by Frank N. Magill, Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1972: "Horse Domesticated"; "Wheel Introduced"; "Written Language Developed"; "Bronze Invented"; "Sexagesimal System Created"; "Pyramid of Cheops Is Built"; "Camel Domesticated"; "Egyptian Wisdom Literature Written"; "Gilgamesh Epic Composed"; "Code of Hammurabi Declared"; "Book of the Dead Disseminated"; "Iron Utilized Fully"; "Akhenaten's Cultural Revival Fails"; "Battle of Kadesh"; "Exodus from Egypt"; "Alphabetic Writing Fully Developed"; "Israel's Covenant with Yahweh Established"; "Hebrew Tribes United"; "Genesis Written"; "Hebrews Construct Sacred Temple"; "Israel Established"; "Homer Composes the Iliad"; "Olympic Games Begin"; "Oracle at Delphi Established"; "Amos's Prophecy Recorded"; "Syracuse Founded"; "Sparta Conquers Messenia"; "Hesiod Composes the Theogony"; "Coinage Invented"; "Jeremiah Delivers Prophecy"; "Draco's Code Issued"; "Eleusinian Mysteries Celebrated"; "Zoroaster Founds New Religion"; "Solon Creates New Athenian Laws"; "Philosophy Secularized"; "Persia Conquers Babylon"; "Isaiah's Teachings Compiled"; "Jews Repatriated from Babylon"; "Pythagorean Brotherhood Founded"; "Sibylline Books Created"; "Cleisthenes Reforms Athens's Government"; "Heraclitus Formulates Concept of the Logos"; "Greek Choral Lyric Perfected"; "Roman Government Creates Plebeian Tribunate"; "Themistocles Enacts Naval Law"; "Metaphysical Principles Formulated"; "Persia Invades Greece"; "Athenian Empire Created"; "Aeschylus Writes the áàÄ]ùThe Principles of Geology"; "July Revolution in France"; "Belgian Revolution"; "Polish Rebellion"; "Mazzini Founds 'Young Italy'"; "Reform Act (Great Britain)"; "The Zollverein"; "Slavery Abolished in British Colonies"; "Maria II Restored to Throne of Portugal"; "Carlist Wars in Spain"; "The Poor Law Amendment Act (England)"; "Municipal Corporations Act (Great Britain)"; "Chartist Movement Begins"; "Daguerre Develops the First Permanent Photograph"; "Grove's First Incandescent Electric Lamp"; "Irish Famine and the Great Emigration"; "Corn Laws Repealed (Great Britain)"; "Pope Pius IX Leads the Catholic Church"; "Revolutions in Italy"; "Marx Publishes the Communist Manifesto"; "Paris Revolution"; "Prussian Revolution"; "Swiss Confederation Formed"; "Crystal Palace Exhibition"; "Comte Publishes Positive Philosophy"; "Napoleon III Becomes Emperor of France"; "Crimean War"; "Neanderthal Man Discovered"; "Flaubert Publishes Madame Bovary"; "Transatlantic Telegraph Cable Laid"; "Napoleon III and Cavour Meet at Plombières"; "Mill Publishes On Liberty"; "Napoleon III and Emperor Francis Joseph Meet at Villafranca"; "Darwin Publishes On the Origin of Species"; "Garibaldi's Thousand 'Redshirts' Land in Italy"; "Emancipation of the Serfs (Russia)"; "Italy is Proclaimed a Kingdom"; "Maximilian's Mexican Adventure"; "Bismarck Becomes Minister-President of Prussia"; "Second Polish Rebellion"; "Renan Publishes Life of Jesus"; "First International Founded"; "Pius IX Publishes the Syllabus of Errors"; "Mendel Announces His Laws of Genetics"; "The Seven Weeks' War"; "North German Confederation Formed"; "Venetia Is Ceded to Italy"; "The Reform Act of 1867 (Great Britain): Disraeli's 'Leap in the Dark'"; "Lister and Antiseptic Surgery"; "The Austrian Ausgleich"; "Spanish Revolution of 1868"; "The Ems Telegraph"; "The Franco-Prussian War"; "Rome Becomes the Capital of Italy"; "German Empire Formed"; "Kulturkampf"; "Third French Republic Established"; "Law of Papal Guarantees Passed by Italian Parliament"; "The Paris Commune"; "Three Emperor's League Formed"; "Gotha Socialist Congress Held"; "Spanish Constitution Drafted"; "Congress of Berlin"; "Germany Passes Anti-Socialist Legislation"; "The Triple Alliance"; "Nietzsche Publishes Thus Spake Zarathustra"; "Germany Authorizes Social Insurance Laws"; "Daimler Develops the Gasoline Internal Combustion Engine"; "Franchise Act (Great Britain)"; "French Trade Unions Legalized"; "Berlin Conference on African Affairs"; "The Boulanger Crisis"; "Royal Navy of Great Britain Strengthened"; "Witte Begins the Industrialization of Russia"; "Panama Canal Scandal in France"; "Franco-Russian Alliance"; "The Dreyfus Affair"; "Marconi Develops Wireless Telegraphy"; "Roentgen Discovers X Rays"; "Herzl Publishes Der Judenstaat"; "Crispi Defeated by the Ethiopians at the Battle of Adowa"; "Diesel Engine Invented"; "Russian Social Democratic Labor Party Formed"; "'Fatti di Maggio' Riots"; "The Fashoda Incident"; "Spain Loses Colonies to the United States"; "First Hague Peace Conference"; "Baghdad Railway Concession"; "Separation of the Church and the State in France"; "Russo-Japanese War"; "The Entente Cordiale"; "Bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg"; "Einstein Publishes Special Theory of Relativity"; "Norway Becomes Independent"; "The October Manifesto"; "Koch Receives the Nobel Prize for Service to Medicine"; "Duma Convenes"; "H.M.S. Dreadnought Completed"; "Second Hague Peace Conference"; "The Triple Entente"; "Austria Annexes Bosnia and Hercegovina"; "Daily Telegraph Episode"; "Parliament Act (Great Britain)"; "Portuguese Republic Established"; "National Insurance Act (Great Britain)"; "Italy Annexes Tripoli"; "Irish Home Rule Bill"; "The Balkan Wars"; "World War I Begins"; "First Battle of the Marne"; "Submarine Warfare Begins"; "Spain Declares Neutrality in World War I"; "Battle of Verdun"; "Battle of Jutland"; "Spengler Publishes Decline of the West"; "Treaty of Versailles Ends World War I"; "Weimar Constitution Adopted (Germany)"; "Mussolini Formulates the Doctrine of Fascism"; "Lenin's New Economic Policy"; "Jung Publishes Psychological Types"; "Treaty of 1921 between Great Britain and Ireland"; "Mussolini's 'March on Rome'"; "Great Britain's General Strike"; "Russia's First Five-Year Plan Established"; "Fleming Discovers Penicillin"; "Fay Publishes Origins of the World War"; "Trotsky Exiled"; "The Vatican Treaty"; "The Maginot Line Is Built"; "Rosenberg Publishes The Myth of the Twentieth Century"; "Second Spanish Republic Established"; "Statute of Westminster (Great Britain)"; "The Reichstag Fire"; "The Enabling Act (Germany)"; "French Government Crisis"; "The Great Blood Purge"; "Dollfuss Murdered"; "Mussolini Promotes Ethiopian Campaign"; "Keynes Publishes The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money"; "France's First Popular Front Ministry"; "Spanish Civil War Begins"; "Edward VIII Abdicates Throne of England"; "The Anschluss"; "The Munich Crisis"; "The Nazi-Soviet Pact"; "Germany Invades Poland"; "Germany Invades Norway"; "Germany Occupies France"; "British Evacuate Dunkirk"; "Germany Hit by Thousand-Bomber Raid"; "Battle of El Alamein"; "Germany Defeated at Stalingrad"; "The Casablanca Conference"; "Italy Invaded by Allies"; "France Invaded by the Allies"; "Bulge, Battle of the"; "The Yalta Conference"; "United Nations Established"; "The Potsdam Conference"; "Labour Government in Great Britain"; "The Nuremberg Trials"; "Churchill's 'Iron Curtain' Speech"; "The Marshall Plan Is Announced"; "Communists Lose Italian Elections"; "Berlin Airlift"; "World Council of Churches Formed"; "North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Pact Signed"; "Soviets Detonate Nuclear Bomb"; "Stalin Dies of Stroke"; "DNA Structure Discovered"; "Battle of Dien Bien Phu"; "Sino-Soviet Conflict"; "Hungarian Revolution"; "European Economic Community Formed"; "Fourth French Republic Collapses"; "Congo Crisis"; "Russia Puts First Man in Space"; "Berlin Wall Is Built"; "Algeria Wins Its Independence"; "Second Vatican Council Held"; "Rhodesia Declares Independence from Great Britain"; "France Withdraws from NATO"; "Arab-Israeli War"; "Pope Paul VI Publishes Humanae Vitae"; "Czechoslovakia Invaded by Russia"; "Caetano Becomes Premier of Portugal"; "Soviet-Chinese Border War"; "De Gaulle Steps Down"; "Brandt Wins West German Elections."

Essays reproduced from Great Events from History, Worldwide Twentieth Century Series, edited by Frank N. Magill, Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1980: "Teletype Developed"; "Genetic Research"; "The Commonwealth of Australia and the Dominion of New Zealand Are Established"; "Hobson Publishes Imperialism: A Study"; "Weber Publishes The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism"; "The Moroccan Crises"; "The Mexican Revolution"; "Union of South Africa Formed"; "The Chinese Revolution of 1911"; "Russia Invades East Prussia"; "The Great Armenian Massacre"; "Japan Presents China with the Twenty-One Demands"; "Italy Enters World War I"; "Russian Civil War (1918-1921)"; "Habsburg Monarchy Dissolved"; "Scientists Formulate the Quantum Theory"; "Gandhi Leads the Nonviolent Indian Reform Movement"; "The Locarno Conference"; "The Civil War in China"; "Kemal Institutes Reform Program in Turkey"; "Arabs Attack Jews in Palestine (1929)"; "Antitotalitarian Literature of the 1930s and Early 1940s"; "Atomic Research"; "Existentialism in Literature"; "The Manchurian Crisis and the Rise of Japanese Militarism"; "Chadwick Discovers the Neutron"; "The Chaco War"; "Nazi Persecution of the Jews"; "Hitler Comes to Power in Germany"; "Radar Developed"; "Stalin Begins the Purge Trials"; "Germany Renounces the Versailles Treaty"; "Germany Remilitarizes the Rhineland"; "Whittle Patents the Jet Engine"; "Japanese Military Campaigns in China"; "United States Decides to Construct an Atomic Bomb"; "Nazi Genocide of Jews"; "Atlantic, Battle of the"; "Great Britain Restricts Jewish Emigration to Palestine"; "Steinbeck Writes The Grapes of Wrath"; "Battle of Britain"; "Japan Occupies Indochina"; "Germany Invades Russia"; "Japan Occupies the Dutch East Indies, Singapore, and Burma"; "Germany and Italy Declare War on the United States"; "Battle of Midway"; "Soviet Invasion of Eastern Europe during World War II"; "The First Superfortress Bombing Raid on Japan"; "Early Computers Bring About an Information Revolution"; "Nuclear Disarmament and Nonproliferation Negotiated Worldwide"; "Inflation and Labor Unrest, 1945-1948"; "Battle of Germany"; "MacArthur Administers the Reconstruction of Japan"; "The Paris Peace Conference"; "The Dead Sea Scrolls Are Discovered"; "India Partitioned"; "Transistor Invented"; "Kinsey Reports Published"; "Czechoslovakia Site of Communist Coup"; "Jewish State Declared"; "Yugoslavia Expelled from the Cominform"; "Germany Partitioned"; "Mao Tse Tung Declares China the People's Republic of China"; "Williams Pioneers Cold War Revisionist Historiography"; "Television Becomes an Entertainment Force"; "Hydrogen Bomb Exploded"; "Dulles's Foreign Policy"; "The Democratic Republic of Vietnam Established"; "Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) Established"; "Warsaw Pact Signed"; "The Geneva Summit Conference"; "Khrushchev Denounces Stalin"; "Castro Seizes Power in Cuba"; "Communications and Meteorological Satellites"; "Soviet Union Launches Sputnik"; "Antarctic Treaty Signed"; "Civil Rights Acts of the 1960s"; "Quebec Separatist Movement Gains Popularity"; "Chávez Organizes the Farm Workers"; "Native Americans Protest in Washington D.C., at Alcatraz, at Wounded Knee, and During the Longest Walk"; "Environmental Movement Spurs Legislation"; "Laser Invented"; "Minorities Pursue Equality"; "U-2 Incident and the Collapse of the Paris Summit Conference"; "Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Established"; "Fischer Publishes Germany's Aims in the First World War"; "Bay of Pigs Invasion Repulsed"; "Rachel Carson Publishes Silent Spring"; "Supreme Court Rules against Bible Reading in Schools"; "Nuclear Test Ban Treaty"; "Civil Rights Act of 1964"; "Khrushchev Falls"; "Black Insurgency Movements in Zimbabwe/Rhodesia"; "Soviet Intellectuals Disagree on Issues"; "Founding of the National Organization for Women"; "Nigerian Civil War"; "Viet Cong Tet Offensive"; "Franco Dies and Monarchy is Restored"; "Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) with the Soviet Union"; "Stagflation in the 1970s"; "Earth Viewed Objectively through Philosophical Efforts"; "The United States Invades Cambodia"; "Bangladesh Created in Wake of India-Pakistan War"; "People's Republic of China Admitted to the United Nations"; "'Bloody Sunday' in Ulster"; "The People's Republic of China and the United States Strive for Better Diplomatic Relations"; "The Watergate Affair"; "Great Britain Joins the Common Market"; "End of American Involvement in the Vietnam War"; "East and West Germany Establish Diplomatic Relations"; "The Yom Kippur War"; "The Cyprus Crisis"; "Nixon Administration Collapses"; "Cambodia Falls to the Khmer Rouge"; "South Vietnam Falls"; "The Lebanese Civil War"; "Vietnam Reunified"; "The OAS Suspends the Embargo against Cuba"; "Mao Tse-tung and Chou En-lai Die"; "Black Nationalist Movement in South Africa"; "The Viking Landings on Mars"; "Horn of Africa Becomes Site of Conflict"; "Panama Canal Treaties Ratified"; "The Iranian Revolution."

Essays reproduced from Great Events from History II, Arts and Culture Series, edited by Frank N. Magill, Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1993: "Joplin Popularizes The Ragtime Style"; "Freud Writes the Interpretation of Dreams"; "Puccini's Tosca Premieres in Rome"; "Nobel Establishes the Nobel Prize"; "Conrad Writes the Heart of Darkness"; "Méliès' Le Voyage Dans La Lune Introduces Special Effects"; "Stieglitz Organizes the Photo-Secession"; "Porter's The Great Train Robbery Introduces New Film Editing Techniques"; "Bartók and Kodály Collect Hungarian Folk Songs"; "Stein Holds Her First Paris Salons"; "Die Brücke Formed by Avant-Garde Artists in Dresden"; "Fauve Painters Exhibit Works at the Salon D'Automne"; "African Tribal Art Impacts Early Twentieth Century Western Painting"; "Bergson's Creative Evolution Inspires Artists and Thinkers"; "Schoenberg's Atonal Compositions Revolutionize Classical Music"; "Strindberg Writes The Ghost Sonata"; "Braque's Cubist Works Rejected by the Salon D'Automne"; "Behrens Designs the AEG Turbine Factory"; "Marinetti Writes the 'Manifeste de Futurisme'"; "Diaghilev's Ballets Russes Astounds Paris"; "Fokine's Les Sylphides Introduces Abstract Ballet"; "Gaudí Completes the Casa Milá Apartment House in Barcelona"; "Jung Publishes Psychology Of The Unconcious"; "Kandinsky Publishes His Views on Abstract Art"; "Pound Promotes the Imagist Movement"; "Nijinsky's Ballet L'Après-midi d'un Faune Causes an Uproar"; "Apollinaire Publishes The Cubist Painters: Aesthetic Meditations"; "Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring Stuns Audiences"; "ASCAP Is Founded To Protect Musicians' Rights"; "Kafka Writes The Metamorphosis"; "The Birth Of A Nation Popularizes New Film Techniques"; "First Pulitzer Prizes Are Awarded"; "Malevich Introduces Suprematism"; "Ball Opens the Cabaret Voltaire where the Dada Movement is Born"; "Gropius Founds the Bauhaus School"; "Radio Broadcasting Becomes an Art Form for Profit"; "The Harlem Renaissance Celebrates African-American Culture"; "Boulanger Takes Copland as a Student"; "Ray Creates the Rayograph"; "Hasek's The Good Soldier Svejk Reflects Postwar Disillusionment"; "Schoenberg Develops His Twelve-Tone System"; "Eliot Publishes The Waste Land"; "The Soviet Union Bans Abstract Art"; "Joyce's Ulysses Epitomizes Modernism in Fiction"; "The Formation of the Blue Four Advances Abstract Painting"; "Mann's The Magic Mountain Reflects European Crisis"; "Gershwin's Rhapsody In Blue Premieres In New York"; "Surrealism is Born"; "Eisenstein's Potemkin Introduces New Film Editing Techniques"; "Gide's The Counterfeiters Questions Moral Absolutes"; "The Great Gatsby Captures The Essence Of The Roaring Twenties"; "The New Objectivity Movement is Introduced"; "Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway Explores Women's Consciousness"; "Gance's Napoléon Revolutionizes Filmmaking Techniques"; "A Paris Exhibition Defines Art Deco"; "Chaplin Produces His Masterpiece The Gold Rush"; "Baker Dances in La Revue Nègre"; "Armstrong First Records With His Hot Five Group"; "WSM Launches The Grand Ole Opry"; "Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises Speaks for the Lost Generation"; "Kuleshov and Pudovkin Introduce Montage to Filmmaking"; "Lang Expands the Limits of Filmmaking with Metropolis"; "The British Broadcasting Corporation is Chartered"; "Monet's Water Lilies Are Shown at the Musée de L'Orangerie"; "The Jazz Singer Premieres in New York"; "Ellington Begins An Influential Engagement At The Cotton Club"; "Show Boat Introduces American Musical Theater"; "Sound Revolutionizes The Motion-Picture Industry"; "Remarque Writes All Quiet on the Western Front"; "Loewy Pioneers American Industrial Design"; "Mayakovsky Writes The Bedbug and the Bathhouse"; "The First Academy Awards Honor Film Achievement"; "Faulkner Writes The Sound and the Fury"; "Guthrie's Populist Songs Reflect the Depression-Era United States"; "Hindemith Advances Ideas of Music for Use and for Amateurs"; "Hollywood Enters Its Golden Age"; "Radio Programming Dominates Home Leisure"; "Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye Redefines Architecture"; "Raskob Inspires the Empire State Building"; "Huxley's Brave New World Reflects Fears About the Future"; "Stalin Restricts Soviet Composers"; "Hitchcock Becomes England's Foremost Director"; "Goodman Begins His Let's Dance Broadcasts"; "Balanchine's Serenade Inaugurates American Ballet"; "Roosevelt Administration Creates WPA/FAP"; "Prouvé Pioneers the Prefabrication of Buildings"; "Luce Launches Life Magazine"; "Tudor's Jardin Aux Lilas Premieres in London"; "Carnegie Publishes 'Self-Help' Best-Sellers"; "Disney Releases Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs"; "Picasso Paints Guernica"; "Renoir Marks the High Point of Prewar Filmmaking"; "Hitler Organizes an Exhibition Denouncing Modern Art"; "Welles Broadcasts The War of the Worlds"; "The Wizard Of Oz Opens"; "Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys Define Bluegrass Music"; "Anderson Is Barred from Constitution Hall"; "Gone With The Wind Premieres"; "Stormy Weather Offers New Film Roles to African Americans"; "Kazan Brings Naturalism to the Stage and Screen"; "New Criticism Holds Sway In Literature"; "Sartre and Camus Give Dramatic Voice to Existential Philosophy"; "Disney's Fantasia Redefines Scope Of Animation"; "Welles's Citizen Kane Breaks With Traditional Filmmaking"; "Sarnoff and Paley Launch Commercial Television"; "Nolde's Paintings Banned by Nazis"; "Casablanca Epitomizes 1940's War-Themed Films"; "Sartre's Being and Nothingness Expresses Existential Philosophy"; "Balanchine and Kirstein Make New York a World Center for Ballet"; "Parker's Playing Epitomizes Bebop"; "Réared Introduces the Bikini Swimsuit"; "Mahalia Jackson Begins Her Recording Career"; "ABC Begins Its Own Network Television Service"; "Zhdanov Denounces 'Formalism' in Music"; "Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four Portrays Totalitarianism and Mind Control"; "Kelly Forges New Directions In Cinematic Dance"; "Davis' Recordings Spawn 1950s Cool Jazz"; "Beauvoir's The Second Sex Anticipates the Women's Movement"; "'Angry Young Men' Express Working-Class Views"; "The Beat Movement Rejects Mainstream Values"; "Television Enters Its Golden Age"; "The New Novel (Le Nouveau Roman) Emerges"; "I Love Lucy Dominates Television Comedy"; "Rosenberg Defines 'Action Painting'"; "Waiting for Godot and the Existential Theme of Absurdity"; "Fuller's First Industrial Geodesic Dome is Erected"; "Golding Writes Lord of the Flies"; "ABC Makes a Landmark Deal with Disney"; "Berry's 'Maybellene' Popularizes Rock And Roll"; "The 'Boom' Captures Worldwide Attention"; "Wiesel's Night Recalls the Holocaust"; "Presley Becomes A Rock-And-Roll Sensation"; "French New Wave Ushers in a New Era of Cinema"; "Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago is Published"; "Things Fall Apart Depicts Destruction of Ibo Culture"; "Gordy Founds Motown Records"; "Wright Designs the New Guggenheim Museum"; "Quant Introduces the Miniskirt"; "The Flintstones Popularizes Prime-Time Cartoons"; "Plath's The Colossus Voices Women's Experience"; "Psycho Becomes Hitchcock's Most Famous Film"; "Catch-22 Illustrates Antiwar Sentiment"; "Royal National Theatre Established in Great Britain"; "Baldwin Voices Black Rage in The Fire Next Time"; "The Beatles Revolutionize Popular Music"; "Nam June Paik Exhibits Video and Television as Art"; "McLuhan Probes Mass Media's Impact on Society"; "Lévi-Strauss Explores Myth as a Key to Enlightenment"; "Baraka's Dutchman Dramatizes Racial Hatred"; "Dylan Performs with Electric Instruments"; "Derrida Enunciates the Principles of Deconstruction"; "Expo 67 Presents Innovative Architectural Concepts"; "García Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude is Published"; "The Beatles Release Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"; "The Monterey Pop Festival"; "Mitchell Founds the Dance Theater Of Harlem"; "The Theatres Act Ends Censorship of English Drama"; "60 Minutes Is The First Televised Newsmagazine"; "Woodstock Music Festival Epitomizes The 1960's"; "Sesame Street Revolutionizes Children's Programming"; "Spanish Art Explodes after Years of Suppression"; "Sondheim's Company Debuts on Broadway"; "Doonesbury Popularizes Political Comic Strips"; "Jesus Christ Superstar Establishes the Rock Opera"; "Syndication Turns Star Trek Into A Cult Classic"; "Solzhenitsyn Writes The Gulag Archipelago"; "Punk's Antifashion Style First Appears"; "The Wiz Brings African American Talent to Broadway"; "Marley's Natty Dread Establishes Reggae's Popularity"; "Saturday Night Live Premieres on NBC"; "Shanges's for colored girls . . . is a Landmark"; "Einstein on the Beach is a Triumph of Minimalism"; "Saturday Night Fever Epitomizes the Disco Craze"; "The Star Wars Trilogy Redefines Special Effects"; "Haley's Roots Dramatizes the African-American Experience"; "The Pompidou Center Opens in Paris"; "Madonna Revolutionizes Popular Fashion"; "Germany Secures a Place in the World of Art"; "MTV Changes the Look of American Popular Culture"; "The New Dance U.S.A. Festival Is Held"; "Fugard Writes 'MASTER HAROLD' . . . and the Boys Dramatizing the Impact of Apartheid"; "Live Aid Generates Millions for Famine Relief"; "The Big Three U.S. Television Networks Lose Viewers"; "Multiculturalism Flourishes in the Dance World"; "Rap Goes Platinum with Run-D.M.C.'s Raising Hell"; "The National Museum of Women in the Arts Opens"; "Deconstructivists Exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art"; "Khomeini Calls for Rushdie's Death"; "Mapplethorpe's Photographs Provoke Controversy"; "The Simpsons Debuts On The Fox Network."

Essays reproduced from Great Events from History II, Business and Commerce Series, edited by Frank N. Magill, Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1994: "Spindletop Oil Discovery Transforms the Oil Industry"; "The Anglo-Japanese Treaty Brings Japan into World Markets"; "Ivy Lee Sets a Precedent for Public Relations"; "The Pure Food and Drug Act Passed by the U.S. Congress"; "Run on the Knickerbocker Trust Causes Financial Panic"; "Leland's Cadillac Uses Interchangeable Parts"; "Harvard University Founds a Business School"; "Hashimoto Forms the Roots of Nissan Motor Company"; "The British Telephone System Is Nationalized by Parliament"; "Advertisers Adopt a Truth in Advertising Code"; "Ford Implements Assembly Line Production"; "The Federal Reserve Act Creates a U.S. Central Bank"; "The Panama Canal Opens"; "The Hindenburg Program Militarizes the German Economy"; "Clarence Saunders Introduces the Self-Service Grocery"; "The San Remo Agreement Signed by Great Britain and France"; "Station KDKA Introduces Commercial Radio Broadcasting"; "Sloan Develops a Structural Plan for General Motors"; "Oil Is Discovered In Venezuela"; "WEAF Airs the First Paid Radio Commercial"; "The A. C. Nielsen Company Pioneers Marketing and Media Research"; "Germans Barter for Goods in Response to Hyperinflation"; "The Hawthorne Studies Examine Factors in Human Productivity"; "IBM Changes Its Name and Product Line"; "The Immigration Act of 1924 Passed by U.S. Congress"; "The Teapot Dome Scandal Prompts Reforms in the Oil Industry"; "Oil Cartel Formed by British, American, and European Executives"; "Stalin Introduces Central Planning to the Soviet Union"; "The U.S. Stock Market Crashes On Black Tuesday"; "Hoover Signs the Smoot-Hawley Tariff"; "The Bank of the United States Fails"; "Austria's Credit-Anstalt Bank Fails"; "The Reconstruction Finance Corporation Is Created"; "The Tennessee Valley Authority Created by U.S. Government"; "The Banking Act of 1933 Reorganizes the American Banking System"; "The National Industrial Recovery Act Passes"; "The Wagner Act Promotes Union Organization"; "The Banking Act of 1935 Centralizes U.S. Monetary Control"; "The League of Nations Applies Economic Sanctions against Italy"; "France Nationalizes Its Banking and Industrial Sectors"; "The DC-3 Opens a New Era of Commercial Air Travel"; "Du Pont Announces the Discovery of Nylon 99"; "Television Broadcasting Is Introduced at the 1939 World's Fair"; "Roosevelt Signs the G.I. Bill"; "The Bretton Woods Agreement Encourages Free Trade"; "British Labour Party Victory Leads to Nationalization of British Industry"; "Great Britain Passes the National Health Service Act"; "The Taft-Hartley Act Passes over Truman's Veto"; "The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Is Signed"; "Textron Initiates the Conglomeration Trend"; "Diners Club Begins a New Industry"; "Voest Develops the Basic Oxygen Process for Steelmaking"; "Morita Licenses Transistor Technology"; "Kroc Franchises McDonald's"; "Value-Added Taxes (VATs) Instituted in Europe"; "The United Fruit Company Instigates a Coup in Guatemala"; "The Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant Opens in Russia"; "Disneyland Opens"; "The AFL and CIO Merge"; "The European Common Market Is Established"; "The AFL-CIO Expels the Teamsters Union"; "The Boeing 707 Begins Commercial Service"; "Cuba Expropriates Foreign Property"; "Automation Replaces Many Skilled Laborers"; "The Green Revolution Launches New Rice and Wheat Strains"; "U.S. Service Economy Emerges"; "The Agency for International Development Is Established"; "General Public Utilities Corp. Announces Plans for a Commercial Nuclear Reactor"; "Frei 'Chileanizes' Chile's Copper Industry"; "Johnson Signs the Medicare and Medicaid Amendments"; "Nader's Unsafe At Any Speed Launches A Consumer Movement"; "The Asian Development Bank Is Chartered"; "Cuba Signs a Commercial Agreement with the Soviet Union"; "The European Economic Community (EEC) Adopts the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)"; "Atlantic Richfield Discovers Oil at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska"; "Supertankers Transport Oil"; "Johnson Restricts Direct Foreign Investment"; "French Workers Engage in a National Strike"; "The Banning of DDT Signals New Environmental Awareness"; "Denims Become Fashionable"; "Drive-Through Services Proliferate"; "Retailers Use Technology to Combat Shrinkage"; "The U.S. Government Bans Cigarette Ads on Broadcast Media"; "The Environmental Protection Agency Is Created"; "Nixon Removes the Trade Embargo against China"; "The United States Suffers Its First Trade Deficit Since 1888"; "Nixon's Anti-Inflation Program Shocks Worldwide Markets"; "International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) Implicated in Chilean Coup"; "Iran Announces Nationalization of Foreign Oil Interests"; "Arab Oil Producers Curtail Oil Shipments to Industrial States"; "The United States Plans to Cut Dependence on Foreign Oil"; "Sony Introduces the Betamax"; "The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Is Formed"; "The Concorde Flies Passengers at Supersonic Speeds"; "Jobs and Wozniak Found Apple Computer"; "Genentech Is Founded"; "Kohlberg, Kravis, and Roberts Pioneer the Leveraged Buyout"; "AT&T and GTE Install Fiber-Optic Telephone Systems"; "The Alaskan Oil Pipeline Opens"; "Volkswagen Opens the First Foreign-Owned U.S. Auto Plant"; "Carter Orders Oil Prices Deregulated"; "The Supreme Court Rules on Affirmative Action Programs"; "Sony Introduces the Walkman"; "American Firms Adopt Japanese Manufacturing Techniques"; "Electronic Technology Makes Telecommuting Possible"; "Video Rental Outlets Gain Popularity"; "Japan Becomes the World's Largest Automobile Producer"; "The Cable News Network (CNN) Debuts"; "Reagan Promotes Supply-Side Economics"; "Mitterrand Elected President in France"; "IBM Introduces Its Personal Computer"; "Cyanide-Laced Tylenol Kills Seven People"; "Compact Discs Reach the Marketplace"; "Great Britain and China Agree on Control of Hong Kong"; "Union Carbide Plant in Bhopal, India, Leaks Toxic Gas"; "Home Shopping Service Is Offered On Cable Television"; "The U. S. Stock Market Crashes on 1987's 'Black Monday'"; "Poland Begins Switching to a Market Economy"; "The Soviet Parliament Passes a New Property Law"; "The Swiss Eliminate Anonymous Bank Accounts"; "The European Market Unifies"; "World Leaders Confer on the Environment and Development"; "The North American Free Trade Agreement Goes into Effect."

Essays reproduced from Great Events from History II, Human Rights Series, edited by Frank N. Magill, Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1992: "The Boxer Rebellion Fails to Remove Foreign Control in China"; "The Philippines Ends Its Uprising against the United States"; "Congolese Laborers Struggle under Adverse Working Conditions"; "Pankhursts Found the Women's Social and Political Union"; "Panama Declares Independence from Colombia"; "White Slave Trade Attacked by International Agreement"; "Sinclair Publishes The Jungle"; "The British Labour Party Is Formed"; "Finland Grants Women Suffrage"; "Bern Conference Prohibits Night Work for Women"; "Wartime Behavior Appropriateness Determined by the Hague Conference"; "The Young Turk Movement Stages a Constitutional Coup in Turkey"; "The Belgian Government Annexes the Congo"; "Sun Yat-sen Overthrows the Ch'ing Dynasty"; "The Children's Bureau Is Founded"; "Armenians Suffer Genocide during World War I"; "The Defense of India Act Impedes the Freedom Struggle"; "Germany First Uses Lethal Chemical Weapons on the Western Front"; "Women's Institutes Are Founded in Great Britain"; "Easter Rebellion Fails to Win Irish Independence"; "Bolsheviks Deny All Rights to the Russian Orthodox Church"; "The Baltic States Fight for Independence"; "Finland Gains Independence from the Soviet Union"; "Lenin and the Communists Impose the 'Red Terror'"; "The Balfour Declaration Supports a Jewish Homeland in Palestine"; "Germans Revolt and Form Socialist Government"; "Suffrage Granted to Women by Parliament"; "The Amritsar Massacre of Indian Civilians"; "The League of Nations Is Established"; "May Fourth Movement Marked by Student Demonstrations"; "The International Labour Organisation is Established"; "Botswana Natives Given Limited Governmental Representation"; "Ireland Is Granted Home Rule and Northern Ireland Is Created"; "Gandhi Leads a Noncooperation Movement"; "Great Britain Passes Acts to Provide Unemployment Benefits"; "Sweden Abolishes Capital Punishment"; "Sanger Organizes Conferences on Birth Control"; "Nansen Wins the Nobel Peace Prize"; "Hitler Writes Mein Kampf"; "Mussolini Seizes Dictatorial Powers in Italy"; "Women's Rights in India Advanced by Parliament"; "The Pahlavi Shahs Attempt to Modernize Iran"; "Japan Ends Property Restrictions on Voting Rights"; "Gandhi Leads the Salt March"; "India Signs the Delhi Pact"; "El Salvador's Military Massacres Civilians in La Matanza"; "Poona Pact Grants Representation to India's Untouchables"; "Japan Withdraws from the League of Nations"; "Corporatism Comes to Paraguay and the Americas"; "Japan Captures Nanjing"; "Stalin Reduces the Russian Orthodox Church to Virtual Extinction"; "Katyn Forest Massacre"; "Ho Chi Minh Organizes the Viet Minh"; "The Atlantic Charter is Signed"; "The International League for Human Rights Is Founded"; "Roosevelt Approves Internment of Japanese Americans"; "Soviets Take Control of Eastern Europe"; "France Grants Women Suffrage"; "Algerian Nationalist Revolt Quelled by France"; "United Nations Adopts Its Charter"; "The Yamashita Case Sets a Precedent for Military Law"; "Perón Creates a Populist Political Alliance in Argentina"; "World Health Organization Created"; "Vietnamese Fight Against French Control of Indochina"; "United Nations Children's Fund Is Established"; "Robinson Breaks the Color Line in Organized Baseball"; "Japanese Constitution Grants New Rights to Women"; "India Gains Independence"; "India Bans Discrimination Against Untouchables"; "Palestinian Refugees Flee to Neighboring Arab Countries"; "Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man Is Adopted"; "Israel Is Created as a Homeland for Jews"; "Truman Orders Desegregation of U.S. Armed Forces"; "United Nations Adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights"; "Germany Divided into East and West"; "The Geneva Convention Is Held"; "China Initiates a Genocide Policy toward Tibetans"; "Israel Enacts a Law Granting Citizenship to Immigrants"; "China Occupies Tibet"; "South Africa Begins a System of Separate Development"; "United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees"; "Jouhaux Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize"; "United Nations Convention on the Political Rights of Women"; "Mau Mau Uprising Creates Havoc in Kenya"; "Schweitzer Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize"; "Brown v. Board of Education Ruling"; "United Nations Drafts a Convention on Stateless Persons"; "Indian Parliament Approves Women's Rights Legislation"; "Women Ordained in Methodist and Presbyterian Churches"; "The Sudanese Civil War Erupts"; "Mao Delivers His 'Speech of One Hundred Flowers'"; "Ghana Gains Independence"; "Duvalier Takes Control of Haiti"; "Pire is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize"; "United Nations Declares the Rights of the Child"; "Iraqi Government Promotes Genocide of Kurds"; "The United Nations Intervenes in the Congolese Civil War"; "Canadian Bill of Rights Prohibits Sexual Discrimination"; "Cyprus Gains Independence"; "Eichmann Is Tried for War Crimes"; "Pope John XXIII Issues 'Mater et Magistra' and 'Pacem in Terris'"; "Amnesty International Is Founded"; "The Nonaligned Movement Meets"; "The European Social Charter Is Signed"; "Lutuli Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize"; "Chávez Forms Farm Workers' Union and Leads Grape Pickers' Strike"; "Soviet Jews Demand Cultural and Religious Rights"; "The Organization of African Unity Is Founded"; "King Delivers His 'I Have a Dream' Speech"; "Mentally Disabled Assisted by Legislation"; "United Nations Issues a Declaration on Racial Discrimination"; "Greek and Turkish Inhabitants of Cyprus Clash over Political Rights"; "Zimbabwe's Freedom Fighters Topple White Supremacist Government"; "United Nations Peace Force Is Deployed in Cyprus"; "Palestinian Refugees Form the Palestine Liberation Organization"; "King Wins the Nobel Peace Prize"; "Chad Ravaged by Civil War"; "Indonesia's Government Retaliates against a Failed Communist Coup"; "Parliament Abolishes the Death Penalty"; "Canada Develops a National Health Plan"; "Chinese Cultural Revolution Starts a Wave of Repression"; "The United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Is Adopted"; "Greek Coup Leads to a Military Dictatorship"; "The Zero Population Growth Movement Spurs Environmental Consciousness"; "United Nations Issues a Declaration on Equality for Women"; "The Brezhnev Doctrine Bans Acts of Independence in Soviet Satellites"; "Leftists Rebel in France"; "The Proclamation of Tehran Sets Human Rights Goals"; "Soviets Invade Czechoslovakia"; "Statute of Limitations Is Ruled Not Applicable to War Crimes"; "Cassin Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize"; "Brazil Begins a Period of Intense Repression"; "Northern Ireland Has Order Restored by British Troops"; "An OAU Convention Expands the Definition of Refugees"; "National Institute of Mental Health Recommends Legalizing Homosexual Behavior"; "International Labour Organisation Wins the Nobel Peace Prize"; "Bourlag Receives the Nobel Prize for Work on World Hunger"; "Canada Invokes the War Measures Act against Separatists in Quebec"; "Sri Lankans Promote Nationalism"; "The Amin Regime Terrorizes Uganda"; "Swiss Women Are Granted Suffrage"; "Bangladesh Secedes in Wake of Conflicts in Pakistan"; "United Nations Declares Rights for the Mentally Retarded"; "Biological Weapons Rules Agreed upon by Nations"; "Burundi's Government Commits Genocide of the Bahutu Majority"; "Marcos Declares Martial Law in the Philippines"; "Arab Terrorists Murder Eleven Israeli Olympic Athletes"; "Vietnam Releases United States Prisoners of War"; "Roe v. Wade Expands Reproductive Choice for American Women"; "Northern Ireland Witnesses Passage of the Emergency Provisions Act"; "Allende Is Overthrown in a Chilean Military Coup"; "United Nations Votes to Suppress and Punish Apartheid"; "Homosexuality Is Removed from the APA List of Psychiatric Disorders"; "Greek and Chilean Torture Exposed by Medical Group"; "Ethiopian Revolution"; "Solzhenitsen Is Expelled from the Soviet Union"; "World Conference on Women Sets an International Agenda"; "The Helsinki Agreement Is Reached at the Conference on Security and Cooperation"; "Declaration of Tokyo Forbids Medical Abuses and Torture"; "East Timor Declares Independence But Is Annexed by Indonesia"; "United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons Is Adopted"; "United Nations Issues a Declaration against Torture"; "Sakharov Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975"; "India Adopts Compulsory Birth Control"; "Soweto Rebels against White Government in South Africa"; "Biko Murdered by Interrogators in South Africa"; "World Health Organization Sets a Goal of Health for All by the Year 2000"; "Zia Establishes Martial Law in Pakistan"; "Moscow's Helsinki Watch Group Dealt with by Soviets"; "Spain Holds Its First Free Elections since the Civil War"; "The United Nations Imposes an Arms Embargo on South Africa"; "Sadat Becomes the First Arab Leader to Visit Israel"; "Mihajlov Is Released from Prison"; "Amnesty International Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize"; "The European Court of Human Rights Rules on the Mistreatment of Prisoners"; "China Publicizes and Promises to Correct Abuses of Citizens' Rights"; "Italy Legalizes Abortion"; "Sadat and Begin Are Jointly Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize"; "Khomeini Uses Executions to Establish a New Order in Iran"; "Bhutto Is Hanged Despite Pleas from World Leaders"; "Thatcher Becomes Great Britain's First Female Prime Minister"; "Somoza Is Forced Out of Power in Nicaragua"; "Iranian Revolutionaries Hold Americans Hostage"; "Mother Teresa Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize"; "Afghanistan Invaded by Soviets"; "Tamil Separatist Violence Erupts in Sri Lanka"; "Hong Kong Residents Pressure Great Britain on Passport Issue"; "Basques Are Granted Home Rule but Continue to Fight for Independence"; "Medical Ethics Studied by Commission"; "Mecca's Grand Mosque Attacked"; "Solidarity Leads Striking Polish Workers"; "The Organization of African Unity (OAU) Adopts the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights"; "United Nations Votes to Protect Freedoms of Religion and Belief"; "Solidarity Outlawed in Poland"; "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Is Enacted"; "Palestinian Civilians are Massacred in West Beirut"; "The United Nations Proclaims 1987 the International Year for Shelter for the Homeless (IYSH)"; "Aquino Assassinated"; "Sikhs of Punjab Revolt"; "Gandhi Assassinated"; "Tutu Wins the Nobel Peace Prize"; "Gorbachev Initiates Glasnost Policy"; "Argentine Leaders Are Convicted of Human Rights Violations"; "Wiesel Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize"; "South African Black Trade Union Workers Strike"; "The Intifada Begins in Palestine"; "Armenia Becomes Site of Ethnic Riots"; "Sudanese Civil War Uses Famine as a Weapon"; "Yugoslavian Provinces Become Sites for Ethnic Unrest"; "Japanese Internees Receive Apology from U.S. Congress"; "Iraq's Government Uses Poison Gas Against Kurdish Villagers"; "Bhutto Becomes the First Woman Elected to Lead a Muslim Country"; "Namibia Liberated from South African Control"; "Hungary Adopts a Multiparty System"; "The Kenyan Government Cracks Down on Dissent"; "Soviet Troops Withdraw from Afghanistan"; "Vietnamese Troops Withdraw from Cambodia"; "Soviet Farmers are Given Control of Land and Selection of Crops"; "Solidarity Regains Legal Status in Poland"; "Tiananmen Square Demonstration"; "Poland Forms a Non-Communist Government"; "The Berlin Wall Falls"; "Dalai Lama is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize"; "Pinochet's Military Rule Ended by Chilean Voters"; "Ceausescu Is Overthrown in Romania"; "Mandela Is Freed"; "Sandinistas Are Defeated in Nicaraguan Elections"; "Soviet Troops Withdraw from Czechoslovakia"; "Lithuania Declares its Independence from the Soviet Union"; "Algeria Holds its First Free Multiparty Elections"; "Gorbachev Agrees to Membership of a United Germany in NATO"; "Iraq Invades and Ravages Kuwait"; "De Klerk Promises to Topple Apartheid Legislation"; "U.S.S.R. Toppled Paving the Way for Reforms in Former Soviet Republics."

Primary Documents Back to Top
Copyrighted text in DISCovering World History was reproduced from the following books:

Fay, Sidney Bradshaw. From The Origins of the World War, Vol. II. Macmillan, 1928. Copyright 1928, 1930 by Macmillan Publishing Company. Renewed, 1956, 1958 by Sidney Bradshaw Fay. All rights reserved. Reproduced with the permission of Simon & Schuster, Inc.

Frank, Anne. From Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Girl. Translated by B. M. Mooyaart-Doubleday. The Modern Library, 1952. Copyright 1952, renewed 1980, by Otto H. Frank. All rights reserved.

Hersch, John. From an interview in Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression, by Studs Terkel. Copyright 1970 by Studs Terkel. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Donadio & Ashworth, Inc.